Politeness

Politeness1.0 Background of the studyOver the last three decades, civilisedness has become one of the central discussions in mulish and sociolinguistic question. A large number of abstractive, empirical books and articles about linguistic niceness have been published, shows that politeness has become one of the most active areas of research in nomenclature use.Interest in politeness, both as a social and linguistic phenomenon, has increased significantly in the past two decades. However, umpteen studies have drawn on spoken data. Only a few scholars have studied politeness in write texts such as scientific written materials. Myers (1989) initiated in his study the model proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) onto written data, namely that of scientific journal articles, and had found this theory to applicable to investigate and reason politeness strategies in scientific writing.The researcher hopes that this study is able to contri savee to the existing pool of knowledge on po liteness strategies utilise in faculty member writing, particularly that in the writing of economic journal articles of two place economic journals.1.1 Statement of the ProblemThe main purpose of this study is to indentify the politeness strategies use by the economists and analyze the politeness kinds of strategies in economic journals.1.2 Objective of the StudyThe objective of this study is1. To investigate how economists use language to present findings in polite way2. To investigates the use of politeness strategies in economics text3. To compare the use of politeness strategies in a local and international economic journals1.3 query Questions1) What kinds of politeness strategies are utilise by writers in local and international economic journal articles?2) In what ways are local and international journals like or different in the use of politeness strategies? 1.4 Scope and Limitation of The StudyThis present study is limited to two identified journals, namely, Malaysia Journal of economic Studies and the Journal of Economic Growth2. Review of Related LiteratureIt is possible to define generic types of politeness strategies to explain and predict the adoption of politeness in oral or written discourse. Brown and Levinson (1978), Myers (1989)2.1. Politeness and Scientific Articles an OverviewBrown and Levinsons (1987) theory of politeness has become the model against which most research on politeness defines itself. Brown and Levinson categorize politeness as either positive politeness or negative politeness and tie both strategies to the importance of face in every culture. They define face as the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself roughly the want to be unimpeded and the want to be pass in certain respects. Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing with FTA.Myers (1989) discovered that politeness strategies are employed explicitly in scientific articles, used to create and maintain a friendly atmosphere for relations, to close distance between authors and audiences and to mitigate the impact of impositions.Most of the scholars that had studied politeness in different perspectives shares the same opinion that linguistic politeness is generally associated with social behaviour as a strategic conflict avoidance, and the politeness strategies is an arrangement of move strategies along a continuum from least polite to most polite, also allows them to engage in conflict- free communication,2.2 Academic Journal as a GenreAn academician journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for interrogation of new research, and the critique of existing research. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. The function of a journal is to distribute knowledge.The Language of Eco nomists in Journal Donald McCloskey, (19865) asserts that economists have two attitudes to their discourse, termed the official and unofficial, the explicit and implicit. He argues that economists in practice dont follow the rules as laid down by this official methodology, but in reality argue using the unofficial, implicit rhetoric of economics.3.1. MethodologySince the present study tries to focus on the analyzing the use of politeness strategies in written texts, the categories used by Myers (1989) adapted from Brown and Levinson (1987) proposed in their book Politeness Some Universal in language Usage as underlying theoretical structure. According to them, it is possible to define generic types of politeness strategies to explain and predict the adoption of politeness in oral or written discourse.3.2 principal sumCorpus willing consist of selected articles from local economic journals, namely, Malaysia Journal of Economic Studies published by University Malaya/Malaysian Econom ic Association and the Journal of Economic Growth by American Economic Association.These journals were chosen on recommendation by two University Malaya lecturers, Associate Profesor Dr. Rohana Abd. Jani and Dr. Rodia Talib, who are presently the two head of departments from the Faculty of Economics. They have assisted in identifying journals which are considered to be reputable and used frequently as references in the economic field.3.3 Sample SizeThe total number of articles will be 10 articles, that is, five (5) from each of the selected economics journals. A minimum of 50,000 words is expected from the total number of articles. Systematic sampling technique will be employed in which the first article of every first issue of every year from 2004 to 2008 will be selected as corpus from all the identified local and international economic journals.3.4 entropy AnalysisDiscourse analysis will be the main qualitative tool in this study. The study will focus on analyzing the politeness strategies of the selected articles as described earlier. The patterns of politeness strategies identified by Myers (1989) based on Brown and Levinson (1987) politeness framework will be the underlying theoretical structure.The corpus will be analysed and categorised as positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on record, off record strategies. The tactics employed will be identified such as the use of passives, nominalizations, hedges, acknowledgements, etc.All the politeness features will be coded and classification. The frequency of these strategies will be include in the presentation of the findings. The strategies found in both local and international journals will be compared to identify which politeness strategies are more predominant and used more frequently.4.0 Gantt ChartScheduleAug 08Sept08Oct08Nov08Dec08Jan09Feb09Mac09Apr09Literature ReviewXXXData CollectionXData AnalysisXXXWriting the reportXXXXFinalizingXXSubmissionXReferencesBrown, H.D. 2000. Principles of langu age learning and teaching (4th ed.), Longman, NYBrown, P., Levinson, S.C. 1978. Politeness. Some universals in language usage (2nd ed. 1987). Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Dudley-Evans and Henderson. 1990. The language of Economics The Aanalysis of Economic Discourse. University of Birmingham. Macmillan publishers and the British Council.Gino Eelen. 2001. A Critique of Politeness Theories, St. Jerome Publishing, ManchesterGoffman Erving. 1967. Interaction rite Essays on Face to Face Behavior, Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, ILMyers, Greg. 1989. The Pragmatics of Politeness in Scientific Articles. Jurnal of Applied Linguistics, vol.10. no. 1. Oxford University Press.Mc.Closkey, Donald.1986. The Rhetoric of Economics. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeRon Scollon and Suzanne W. Scollon. 2001. Intercultural Communication (second ed.), Blackwell, Malden, MARubinstein, Ariel. 2000. Economic and Languages. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeWatts, R.J. 2003. Politeness, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.