Contract and Mgmt520 Entire Course

MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 2 Assignment Administrative Regulations download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12944/mgmt-520-week-2-assignmentadministrative-regulations/] Assignment: 1. State the administrative agency which controls the regulation. Explain why this agency and your proposed regulation interest you (briefly). Will this proposed regulation affect you or the business in which you are working? If so, how? 1. Describe the proposal/change. 1.Write the public comment that you would submit to this proposal. If the proposed regulation deadline has already passed, write the comment you would have submitted. Explain briefly what you wish to accomplish with your comment. 1. Provide the â€Å"deadline† by which the public comment must be made. (If the date has already passed, please provide when the deadline was. a. Once you have submitted your comment, what will you be legally entitled to do later in the promulgation process (if you should choose to do so)? (See the textbook's discussion of the Administrative Procedure Act. a. If the proposal passes, identify and explain the five legal theories you could use in an attempt to have (any) administrative regulation declared invalid and overturned in court. a. Which of these challenges would be the best way to challenge the regulation you selected for this assignment if you wanted to have the regulation overturned and why? 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 †¦ Add a comment : Google http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? pdated-min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00-results=23 Page 1 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 3 Homework ES download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12945/mgmt-520-week-3-homework-es/] 1) What are the elements of negligence that Mr. Margreiter will need to prove ag ainst the hotel in order to win his case? List the five elements here. 2) Applying the facts you have from the case problem above only, lay out a case for negligence against the hotel.Use the elements to outline the case. Start with the first element, explain what facts you have for or against that element, and then continue through the five elements of negligence. If you do not have enough facts to make your case, explain what facts you would need to have in order to support a case of negligence. 3) What defense(s) does the hotel have on its side? List (and define) those here. Very briefly state why you think the hotel could use this defense 1. Question : During an appeal, the appeals court is required to rely on the evidence submitted during the trial.The â€Å"record,† which is made by both parties during the trial, including all objections and other submissions of evidence, is binding on the appeals court, unless it was erroneous or not reasonable to believe or accept tha t evidence. Further, decisions of fact and credibility are typically left to the jury to make, and appeals courts prefer not revisiting those decisions (unless they are beyond the weight of the evidence or defy credulity. ) Because the jury can weigh the body language of the witnesses during trial, and the record on appeal can't show that, appeal courts prefer allowing juries to make â€Å"fact-finding† decisions.Judges on appeal try to look for legal theories to overturn cases (or uphold them. ) They make the â€Å"law† based decisions, based on the record before them. With that understanding, explain the decision of the appeals court in the Margreiter case. In doing so, discuss which facts the court relied on in its decision and which facts the losing party requested the appeals court decide the case on, although it refused to do so. 2. Question : Now review the Nordmanncase. The Margreitercourt used this case to assist it with making its decision (see line two of pa ragraph #4 of the Margreiter opinion. What did the Nordmann court say was the â€Å"duty of care† a hotel owes to a guest to protect him from injury by third persons? Provide that here. Then, review the facts that the Nordmann court relied on to determine there had been a breach of the duty by the Nordmann court. Briefly recite those here as well. 3. Question : Notice that the Margreiter court doesn't state which duty it imposed on the hotel – it simply recites as â€Å"precedent† the Nordmann case for its legal basis. Now that you know the duty of care that the Margreiter court used in its decision, briefly compare the two sets of facts from the two cases.Then answer these questions: a) Do you feel that the Margreiter case had as strong facts as did the Nordmann case for holding the hotel liable? Why or why not? b) Which facts do you feel most strongly weigh in favor of the court's decision in the Margreiter case? c) Which facts do you feel were a stretch by th e court in Margreiter? d) Which case do you feel was more of a â€Å"slam-dunk† case to decide and why? http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 2 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) /1/13 11:20 PM 4. Question : Do you agree with the decisions by the Nordmannand Margreiter courts? Do you feel that the decisions were ethical in nature? Why or why not? Use one of your ethical dilemma resolution models to analyze the court's decision of one of the two cases to help support your answer and include that analysis in your answer (i. e. , Laura Nash, front page of the newspaper, Blanchard & Peale, Wall Street Journal). Make sure to set out the steps of the model and apply your reasoning and facts to the model in your answer. 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 †¦Add a comment : Google 4 weeks ago discussion/] MGMT 520 Week 4 You Decide Team dis cussion download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12946/mgmt-520-week-4-you-decide-teamScenario Week 4 You Decide GM520 Legal, Political and Ethical Dimensions Scenario Summary This group project covers a contract dispute situation. As a group, work through the following questions. Feel free to ask further questions in the thread of your group members, and answer your group members questions as well. The best work will be where all group members work together to get the questions answered.You will be graded on the quality of your posts, but points will be deducted if your answers are duplicates of your group members'. Take turns and build on posts. The questions below have more than one part within each of them so work through them together. Have fun with this! The main thing is that you learn from this exercise, along with creating some quality collaboration with your group. Read the Group Project under Course Home or the Assignments page for this week for the full gradi ng rubric for this group project. Good luck! Download and review thecontract here. http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? pdated-min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 3 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM Your Role/Assignment You are the manager of a large data processing project. Your company, Systems Inc. , worked very hard to obtain a contract with Big Bank to do their conversions from their recent acquisition, Small Bank. The bank met with several companies to discuss who would do the best work on the contract. During your meeting with Big Bank, you told them that you had â€Å"never missed a conversion deadline. At the time, your company had never missed a conversion deadline, but the company had only done three conversions. You also told them that your data processing systems were the fastest around. † After months of negotiation, Big Bank signed the contract. The president of Big Bank said, â€Å"We like fast, and you guys are fast. We choose you. † You started work on the data conversion immediately (ahead of contract). According to the contract, your team was responsible for ensuring that the new bank’s data were converted to Big Bank’s data processing system. The contract involved six large conversions.The first involved converting Big Bank’s savings accounts, the second its checking accounts, the third its investment portfolio, the fourth its credit card, the fifth its mortgage portfolios, and the six its large business loans. Your team completed four of the six conversions without a problem. The fifth task, the largest and most important, has encountered numerous problems. Some problems have been based on personnel issues on your part and other issues have been based on the bank’s failure to provide you with necessary information. One issue resulted when the conversion was delayed for over one week.Th e data to be converted were formatted differently than the bank’s previous specifications provided. For that reason, the data conversion fields needed to be changed. A provision in the contract required your company to receive four people’s approval before making any changes to the conversion data fields, and one of those four people, Glenda Givealot, was out of the country doing missionary work in an area of the world that did not have cell phone reception. Another issue resulted when the conversion was supposed to occur. Because of the change in the timeline, the conversion schedule had to change.The weekend the conversion was rescheduled to occur, an ice storm struck the state where your data processing computers were housed. Your facility lost electricity for 3 days and the conversion was delayed again until power could be restored. KEYPLAYERS Big Bank President The bank’s president, who is a known hothead, was furious. He called you after power was restored and yelled, â€Å"We are rescinding this contract! † He also threatened to take the case to court to seek damages. Systems Inc. President Your company president wants this situation resolved amicably.He also wants to maintain the contract with the bank, as he sees the potential for a large amount of business with the bank in the future if this contract proves successful. Corporate counsel believes that the bank just needs to be shown that they are out of compliance with the contract just as we are and that both parties are to â€Å"blame. † He wants you to start negotiations with the bank to modify certain provisions of the contract to make expectations clearer. YOUDECIDE Activity Below is the list of questions you should work together to answer in this thread. Feel free to come up with more to answer together if you need them.Can Big Bank’s president rescind the contract? Under what circumstances can a contract be rescinded by either party? What facts have to be alleged and proven? What is the result of a contract that is rescinded? Big Bank’s president also threatens legal action. What potential causes of action could you foresee him bringing in court? Would he be successful? Why or why not? What arguments could Systems Inc. raise in its defense? What are Big Bank’s potential damages? Review the facts provided http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 4 of 30MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM and the sample contract. What provisions of the contract could you cite to support an argument that it is not in Big Banks best interest to rescind the contract? What facts could you cite to support an argument that Big Bank be responsible for some of these issues and/or not in compliance with the contract? In this situation, amicable resolution of problems is greatly preferred by your compa ny. Would this be true in all contract disputes? In what situations and why would you decide to move to litigation over amicable resolution?There are three types of contract performance: complete, substantial, and material breach. Describe the differences (and similarities) among the three, and explain some of the legal ramifications for one or more of these types of performances. (e. g. , what happens if one party performs completely but the other party performs only substantially? ) Give examples from outside readings or experiences in your career or personal business life. What are the two most important concepts from this exercise that will help you in future contract negotiations? (All students must answer this question for full credit in this project. You Decide: Contract Creation and Management – Group Discussion Thread Make sure you have a â€Å"Group† thread showing this week. If not, e-mail your instructor ASAP. Review the You Decide Scenario found in your Gr oup Area. Enter the Group Thread by no later than Wednesday to discuss the aspects of the scenario with your group. Your grade will be based on making at least six good, high-quality posts over at least three days to the thread that reflect on the You Decide's contract issues and that answer the questions posed at the beginning of the thread. Your instructor will NOT lead this thread – it will be up to the groups to run the thread. Take this opportunity to get to know your classmates in your group! ) You earn 75 points in this project, set up as follows: (60 possible) Quality/quantity post points. You can earn up to 10 points for each high-quality post to the thread. A high-quality post will reflect on a learning tip from the You Decide, provide significant factual background from the You Decide that helps explain a learning point being made in the threads, pose an exceptional question that moves the group thread forward in a manner that creates more learning (while respondin g to another student's question or hought), or will provide a definitive and analytical answer to one of the main questions in the thread. Faculty may deduct points for less-thanhigh-quality posts (however, making more than six posts will help â€Å"ensure† that you will achieve the full complement of points, as you will get credit for each post you make, up to the maximum amount of 60 points for this part of the project). (10 possible) Days posted. You must post on at least three days. You will get 3 points credit for each day you post. (â€Å"I agree†- or â€Å"Yeah, great post! â€Å"-style posts will not count for a â€Å"day posted. The post must have some quality to count on the day). One point will be given to each student who posts their first post to the Group Project thread by no later than Wednesday. (5 possible) Group points. How well your group works together will give you 5 possible points. Ways to get points include the following: build on each other' s posts (i. e. , read group members' posts and respond) and ensure all questions in the SIM project thread beginning are covered (i. e. , don't duplicate group members' work – build on their answer or answer another question).Ways to lose points include requiring instructor intervention in the group process, failing to work together, and ignoring each other's posts. (This group grade will be the same for each student in the group who posts value-added posts on at least three days in the thread. If a student posts less than three days, his or her group grade may be lower than the other group members' grade due to not helping the group with facilitation of the thread. Harassment or lack of netiquette in a thread may also be a reason for an instructor to deduct one group members' grade over others. 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00-results=23 Page 5 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM †¦ : Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 5 Midterm exam download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12947/mgmt-520-week-5-midterm-exam/] 1. Question : TCO B.Infuriated when Harry Reid is re-elected during the 2010 fall election, the Republicans in Congress decide to take matters into their own hands. In 2011, the House of Representatives passes a new â€Å"Freedom isn't Free Act† that requires that anyone who wants to vote in the 2012 presidential election must prove that they paid at least $200 in federal income tax in the past year, including people aged 18 (who typically are deducted on their parents' returns and do not pay income tax). Anyone who received the â€Å"earned income credit† is barred from voting unless they return the payment from the government.Proof of payment of the tax can be made by showing a copy of the prior year's W2, a copy of the prior year's tax return, or a signed statement from the IRS stating that the payment of more than $200 in federal income tax has been made. Citizens who do not pay taxes can still vote if they donate $200. 00 to the federal government as voluntary income tax and get a statement from the IRS that they have done so. The law sunsets on December 31, 2012. List two bases under which someone impacted by this law could argue to have the law overturned. 2. Question : TCO F.When Vanna White sued Samsung for appropriation and under the Lanham Act, she won her case under the California common law right of publicity claim and under the Lanham Act. List the eight Sleekcraft factors that are required to prove a Lanham Act complaint. 3. Question : (TCO C) Bud Johnson owns a General Motors dealership in Pierre, South Dakota. At the request and expense of General Motors, Bud traveled to Phoenix, Arizona, for purposes of the demonstration of a new vehicle called the Roughrider, designed to compete against the curren t offering of SUVs.Bud went to the proving grounds in the desert around Phoenix and spent a day watching the vehicle demonstrations. Bud and other dealers drove the vehicles, and much dust resulted from their driving. A http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 6 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM few weeks later, Bud became ill with flu-like symptoms. He was finally diagnosed as having coccidioidomycosis or â€Å"valley fever. Valley fever is a disease well known to Arizona residents, and most have had it if they have lived there over 10 years. Newcomers are particularly vulnerable to the disease because the exposure to dust seems to build up immunity among the residents. Bud became quite ill and brought suit against the car manufacturer that invited him for its failure to warn him about the valley fever phenomenon before he came o ut to the testing grounds. Answer the following questions, and use cases and theories from the text to support your arguments: Was there negligence in the failure of General Motors to warn Bud? 15 points) Discuss all defenses General Motors may have. (15 points) Does strict liability in torts apply to this situation? Why or why not? (10 points) 4. Question : TCO D: Barney and his 16-year-old son BamBam are riding in Fred's car. Fred had taken some prescription medication that morning that stated on the bottle, â€Å"Warning, may cause drowsiness. † The truck in front of them suffers a blow-out, and swerves uncontrollably. The tire remnants fly into the road, Fred swerves and hits a car to his left. He avoids hitting the truck with the blow-out but suffers damage to the left side of his car.BamBam hits his head on the side of the car, getting a concussion and permanently losing the sight in his right eye. Fred has state law required auto insurance with the minimum policy limit s. Fred's wife, Wilma, immediately calls Betty, BamBam's mom, and apologizes when she finds out about BamBam losing his eye. Wilma says to Betty, â€Å"Please don't worry. We will pay for anything the insurance doesn't cover, including the loss of BamBam's sight and anything else he needs to recover and live a normal life. † Betty sobs and says, â€Å"You are too good to us. We can't accept that. † Wilma says, â€Å"Of course you can. Betty cries harder and says, â€Å"Thank you so much but (unintelligible)† and hangs up. Fred and Wilma own a house worth $450,000, a car worth $20,000, a full-size T. rex skeleton for which a museum has offered $200,000 in the past, and some stocks and bonds worth $700,000. A lawsuit ensues and a judgment against Fred and for BamBam is entered for $300,000. The insurance company paid their cap of $250,000, leaving $50,000 remaining due. Fred and Wilma immediately pay BamBam $50,000. Further, Wilma buys a designer eye-patch for Ba mBam made specifically by Calvin Klein with a picture of Fred and Wilma's daughter, Pebbles, on it.Wilma hugs BamBam when she brings over his new eye patch and says, â€Å"Anything. Anything you need. We will take care of it for you. † Fred rolls his eyes at Barney, and Barney sighs and shakes his head. Betty and Wilma both cry at how adorable BamBam looks with his new eye patch. Barney buys BamBam a new car, specially designed for people with one eye. Wilma finds out and calls Betty, asking how much the car was. Betty says they are making payments on the car of $450/month for the next 4 years. Wilma writes Betty a check for $450, and sends her one every month for the next 8 months.Eight months after the judgment was rendered, BamBam is discovered to have more damage to his head than originally thought. He loses sight in his other eye and now is totally blind. BamBam's parents sue Fred and Wilma again for personal injury, but the case is thrown out as the first case already d ecided the injury case. Fred refuses to pay more to BamBam, and he takes the checkbook away from http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 7 of 30MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM Wilma when he discovers she's been making BamBam's car payments. The two families stop speaking to each other. BamBam throws away his now useless eyepatch and becomes despondent. His dreams of being a drag racer seem to be over. BamBam's attorney refiles the case, this time on grounds that Wilma's statement to Betty was a binding contract that requires that Wilma pay any remaining damages to BamBam, for the remainder of his life. Was Wilma's statement a binding contract?Using the law of contracts, explain why or why not. Does BamBam's age have anything to do with your answer? Can Fred be bound by the potential contract Wilma may have entered into? Use the law of agency to explain your answer to that question. Did Wilma's purchase of the eye-patch give BamBam a greater leg to stand on in court? What about the car payments she made? Explain fully your answer to these questions. 5. Question : TCO I. Marianne Jennings wrote an article, â€Å"Why an International Code of Ethics would be good,† which was assigned to be read at the beginning of the course.As you have worked throughout this session, you should have considered this article and how it may or may not have impacted different situations in the world economic/business/legal/political environments. The essay you will write on the next question should show that you have read Marianne's article and can apply her theories and thoughts from that article to the scenario provided. Feel free to rely on the information you know about the situations (if real) or analogize to another one, if you wish. Include in your answer at least two specific concepts from Marianne's article, and apply t hose concepts to your reasoning in your answer.You will be graded on your knowledge of the article as well as the application of ethical theories to international situations. An oil travesty has occurred. In the Gulf Coast, British Petroleum's deep-sea oil well has had a major malfunction and has exploded. The explosion killed many oil workers. The oil well began spewing oil into the Gulf, and now the entire southern portion of the United States coastal areas has been destroyed. BP initially came out with advertisements using the CEO of the company apologizing and promising to make this right for the citizens of the United States.Then, the CEO was removed by BP from working the disaster. The crisis continues. Based on the â€Å"timing† of the crisis and resolutions that have occurred at the time of your exam, answer the following question using the most relevant facts you know. Using Marianne Jenning's article, would an international code of ethics have assisted with the hand ling of this crisis? Would it have helped BP avoid this crisis? Do you see this as an ethical issue? Support your answer with concepts from her article, as well as other ethical reasons. 6. Question : TCO A.Use the fact pattern you received in the above Marianne Jennings â€Å"International Code of Ethics† question to answer this question. Analyze and propose a solution to the problem you received above using the Blanchard and Peale method. Show the steps, apply the facts, and provide a proposed solution you would suggest. 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 8 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM †¦ : Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 6 You Decide ES download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12948/mgmt-520-week-6-you-decide-es/] 1. Question : Teddy's Supplie s' CEO has asked you to advise him on the facts of the case and your opinion of their potential liability. He wants to settle the case. Write a memo to him that states your view of whether the company is exposed to liability on all issues you feel are in play. Include in your memo any laws that apply and any precedent cases either for or against Teddy's case that impact liability.Include in the memo your suggested â€Å"offer of settlement† to Virginia. Back up your offer using your analysis of the case against Teddy's. 2. Question : The NJ Human Rights commission found that Pollard was the victim of sexual harassment and disparate treatment. Please answer these questions: a. Provide the most current definition of â€Å"sexual harassment,† including a definition of quid pro quo and hostile environment sexual harassment. Name an appellate court case in which an employer was found liable for either quid pro quo or hostile environment sexual harassment.Describe the facts of the case and the decision the court came to in the case. Include the citation to the case and a link to it online. Would the case apply to Pollard's case? Why or why not? Would you want to use this case in Teddy's favor or Pollard’s favor? (10 points) b. Explain which form of sexual harassment you suspect the NJ Human Rights commission found Virginia had been a victim of and why you feel that is the case. Provide law or a case to support your position. If you feel Pollard was not a victim of harassment in this case, explain why you feel that way, and provide law or a case to support your position. 10 points) c. Explain what defenses to sexual harassment Teddy's had in this case. (Include the name and citation of at least two federal or state sexual harassment cases that provide precedent support to your defense statement. ) (10 points) d. What is disparate treatment and why do you think the Human Rights commission found it had http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated- min=2013-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 9 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) /1/13 11:20 PM occurred? Do you agree with this decision? (10 points) 3. Question : Review the sexual harassment policy that Teddy's has in place and that Virginia Pollard signed. Virginia Pollard claims she had planned to make an anonymous complaint but the website allowing that was down on the day she tried to do so. During the Human Rights Commission case, a review of the website statistics shows that Virginia accessed the website for downloading dental coverage forms at least three times during the time frame of the alleged discrimination.The commission determined that this ability of Teddy's to track employees' use of the site was a violation of their anonymity and therefore refused to consider this information. The circuit court did consider this in their decision. Provide three recommendations to the CEO for a way to ensure that employees in the future can not claim â€Å"technical issues† for why they didn't make a complaint. Explain, in your recommendations, the legal consequences to an employee if they do not utilize the complaint mechanism of the sexual harassment policy. Support these recommendations with current case law. 4.Question : How would Pollard's case be impacted if her replacement had been a female? Would her case be different? Would her damages be different? Explain your answer. 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 †¦ Add a comment : Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 8 Final Set 1 download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12949/mgmt-520-week-8-final-set-1/] 1. TCO D Short Answer Question and Facts for Page 1 Questions: A well known pharmaceutical company, Robins & Robins, is working through a public scandal.Three popular medications that they sell over the counter have been determined to be tainted with small particles of plastic explosive. The plast ic explosives came from a Robins http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 10 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM & Robins supplier named Casings, Inc. , that supplies the capsule casings for the medication pills. Casings, Inc. , also sells shell casings for ammunition. Over $8 million in inventory is impacted.The inventory is located throughout the Western United States, and it is possible that it has also made its way into parts of Canada. Last fall, the FDA had promulgated an administrative proposed rule that would have required all pharmaceutical companies that sold over-the-counter medications to incorporate a special tracking bar code (i. e. , UPC bars) on their packaging to ensure that recalls could be done with very little trouble. The bar codes cost about 35 cents per package. Robins & Robins lobbied hard against this rul e and managed to get it stopped in the public comments period.They utilized multiple arguments, including the cost (which would be passed on to consumers). They also raised â€Å"privacy† concerns, which they discussed simply to get public interest groups upset. (One of the drugs impacted is used for assisting with alcoholism treatment – specifically for withdrawal symptoms – and many alcoholics were afraid their use of the drug could be tracked back to them. ) Robins & Robins argued that people would be concerned about purchasing the medication with a tracking mechanism included with the packaging and managed to get enough public interest groups against the rule.The FDA decided not to impose the rule. Robins & Robins' contract with Casings, Inc. , states, in section 14 B. 2. a. , â€Å"The remedy for defects in supplies shall be limited to the cost of the parts supplied. † Casings, Inc. , had negotiated that clause into the contract after a lawsuit from a person who was shot by a gun resulted in a partial judgment against Casings for contributory negligence. List any bases Robins & Robins could sue Casings, Inc. , under contract theory ONLY for the damages caused by the explosives in their drugs, over and above the cost of the capsule shells. short answer question) (Points: 15) 2. TCO B. The FDA discovers that, during the public comment process, Robins & Robins bribed one of the members of the administrative panel that decided to pull the rule from consideration. The member of the panel was removed and is being charged criminally. As a result, the FDA immediately implements an emergency order that puts into effect the â€Å"tracking bar† requirement and makes the rule retroactive, but only to Robins & Robins. Provide two arguments Robins & Robins can make to have the rule determined to be invalid under the Administrative Procedures Act.Explain your answer. (Points: 30) 3. TCO C. Robins & Robins immediately issued a massive r ecall for the tainted medication upon learning of the situation. Despite the recall, 1,400 children and 350 adults have been hospitalized after becoming very ill upon taking the tainted medication. Each of them had failed to note the recall after having already purchased the medication. It is quickly determined that they will need liver transplants and many of them are on a waiting list. During the wait, to date, 12 children have died. Their families are considering suing for both 402A and negligence.The attorneys stated that but for the lobbying efforts, the recall process would have been automated and the people would not have gotten sick or died. You are an employee with the FDA. You are drafting a memo to your boss analyzing the FDA’s liability and explaining why the FDA did the right thing in deciding not to pass the original tracking bar (UPC) rule. You are specifically being told to respond to the issue of the deaths and illnesses. What would you write? Include (and fu lly explain) any defenses you feel that the FDA could use against any negligence or public relation cases.Explain what liability (if any) the FDA could have to the victims and their families. (Points: 30) 4. TCO A. It is discovered that Robins & Robins knew about the tainted medication 2 months earlier than they announced the recall. They hid it and, in fact, sent out contract buyers to try to buy up all of the medication off the shelves. Their â€Å"fake† recall failed. Using the Blanchard and Peale method of analyzing ethical dilemmas, analyze the ethical dilemma faced by the http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 11 of 30MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM CEO of Robins & Robins for the fact that they saved 35 cents/package and are now in the middle of a major, life-threatening recall. Analyze their â€Å"fake† recal l as well. Show all of the steps of the model and give a recommendation to the CEO of what to do now that the deaths are escalating. What is the â€Å"right† thing for the CEO to do in this case? (Points: 30) 5. TCO I. A Canadian citizen whose child died from the medication sues the FDA for allowing the sale of dangerous medication in Canada.The lawsuit is filed in the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Is this the proper court to hear this case? Why or why not? (short answer question) (Points: 15) Question 2 – 2 essays, 30 points each. 1. TCO E. Anna and Lisa both sue Pastor Forester and the school under Title VII. Analyze their Title VII lawsuit against the school and Pastor Forester. Explain whether you feel that the two injured teachers have cases for recovery (describe the theories and whether you feel they will be successful).Discuss whether the school being a religious, private school has any bearing on liability or protection from liability. Include all defe nses available to the school and Pastor Forester. (Points: 30) 2. TCO H and E. In the discovery portion of the case, it is determined that Pastor Forester is really not a pastor. His real name is Jerry Birches, a parolee with convictions for child molestation. His parole agreement prohibits him being closer than 1,000 feet to any school. In order to cut costs, the school had stopped doing background checks on new employees, and this slipped through the cracks.The president of the board of directors immediately fires Pastor â€Å"Jerry Birches† Forester and notifies his parole officer of the violations. Pastor Forester claims the board knew about his background because one member of the board (his aunt Theresa) knew the truth. He claims her knowledge should be imputed to the entire board of directors. He then sues the school for firing him for being a convicted felon. He claims that is illegal, and he publicly attacks the church for their â€Å"less-than-Christian† beha vior in firing him. The board immediately convenes to discuss â€Å"damage control. It knows you took a law and ethics course recently and asks you to write a news release to the local newspaper explaining the situation. Using ethical and legal considerations (including the fact you are in the middle of multiple lawsuits), write the brief news release. Then, explain why you wrote it the way you did. (Points: 30) – Exact – XX Page 3 – Two essays at 30 points each. 1. TCO F. Ellen DeGeneres sues Clean Clothes for the use of a look-alike model for the slacks advertisement. She includes Lanham Act, misappropriation, and â€Å"right of publicity† claims in her complaint.Clean Clothes countersues for product disparagement. Joseph A. Bank (JOSB) sues Ellen for impacting their men’s clothing sales with her unsolicited comment. What facts will Ellen use to support her cases, and why will those support her cases? What defenses will Ellen have against Clean Clothes's and JOSB's countersuits? Do you think any of the three will win their cases? Why or why not? (Points: 30) 2. 2. TCO G. It is discovered that 2 weeks before the Ellen show, she had sold $2 million in JOSB stock (at a gain of about $2,200).The morning after her show, Ellen sold JOSB short (which means she was betting the stock price would go down), and she made another $210,000 in the next week on that trade. The swing in the price was not directly tied to her comments but was suspected to be a result of a recall JOSB made on their entire line of men's black and brown dress slacks when it was discovered that they had been sewn together with white thread. Ellen's previous trading activity shows that she made it a normal practice to â€Å"vigorously trade† the stock of any company with which she did business.A review of her trading activity for the past year showed that she had bought and sold JOSB http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦0 0-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 12 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM stock 25 different times, including short sales like this one. Her overall trading for JOSB stock for the last 12 months was a net loss of $82,000. 00. Do you think the SEC will file anything against Ellen for her sales of JOSB?Is there any cause to do so? Analyze her transactions with respect to insider trading activity (based on what you know) and whether she should be concerned. Is her prior trading activity a defense? Should Ellen have avoided discussing JOSB publicly on her show because she typically trades their stock? (Points: 30) 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 †¦ Add a comment : Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 8 Final Set 2 download [http://homeworkfox. om/tutorials/business/12950/mgmt-520-week-8-final-set-2/] TCO D Short Answer Question and Facts for Page 1 Questions A well known pharmaceutical compan y, Robins & Robins, is working through a public scandal. Three popular medications that they sell over the counter have been determined to be tainted with small particles of plastic explosive. The plastic explosives came from a Robins & Robins supplier named Casings, Inc. , that supplies the capsule casings for the medication pills. Casings, Inc. , also sells shell casings for ammunition. Over $8 million in inventory is impacted.The inventory is located throughout the Western United States, and it is possible that it has also made its way into parts of Canada. Last fall, the FDA had promulgated an administrative proposed rule that would have required all pharmaceutical companies that sold over-the-counter medications to incorporate a special tracking bar code (i. e. , UPC bars) on their packaging to ensure that recalls could be done with very little trouble. The bar codes cost about 35 cents per package. Robins & Robins lobbied hard against this rule and managed to get it stopped in the public comments period.They utilized multiple arguments, including the cost (which would be passed on to consumers). They also raised â€Å"privacy† concerns, which they discussed simply to get public interest groups upset. (One of the drugs impacted is used for assisting with alcoholism treatment – specifically for withdrawal symptoms – and many alcoholics were afraid their use of the drug could be tracked back to http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 13 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM hem. ) Robins & Robins argued that people would be concerned about purchasing the medication with a tracking mechanism included with the packaging and managed to get enough public interest groups against the rule. The FDA decided not to impose the rule. Robins & Robins' contract with Casings, Inc. , states, in sect ion 14 B. 2. a. , â€Å"The remedy for defects in supplies shall be limited to the cost of the parts supplied. † Casings, Inc. , had negotiated that clause into the contract after a lawsuit from a person who was shot by a gun resulted in a partial judgment against Casings for contributory negligence.Robins & Robins sues Casings, Inc. , for indemnification from suits by injured victims from the medication, for the cost of the capsule shells, for attorney's fees, and for punitive damages. List any defenses Casings, Inc. , would have under contract theory ONLY. (short answer question) 2. TCO B. The FDA decides to require all pharmaceutical companies to immediately implement the tracking bars (UPC) as a result of the disaster with Robins & Robins. Robins & Robins decides not to challenge this and begins the process of adding them to all of their products. However, McFadden, Inc. a New York pharmaceutical company, realizes that this new requirement is going to bankrupt them immedi ately. McFadden did not participate in the original public comment period. However, this rule is different from the rule that went through that public comment period in that it specifically names four companies as being impacted: Robins & Robins, McFadden, Inc. , Bayer, and Johnson & Johnson. On what bases can McFadden challenge this requirement imposed by the FDA, and can they be successful? Provide at least two bases under the Administrative Procedures Act and justify your answer. Points: 30) 3. TCO C. Robins & Robins immediately issued a massive recall for the tainted medication upon learning of the situation. Despite the recall, 1,400 children and 350 adults have been hospitalized after becoming very ill upon taking the tainted medication. Each of them had failed to note the recall after having already purchased the medication. It is quickly determined that they will need liver transplants and many of them are on a waiting list. During the wait, to date, 12 children have died. T heir families are considering suing for both 402A and negligence.The attorneys stated that but for the lobbying efforts, the recall process would have been automated and the people would not have gotten sick or died. You are the attorney for one of the dead children’s family. List the causes of action (if any) you would file against Robins & Robins, the FDA, and the bribed FDA member. List the elements of the causes of action, and set forth the facts that you have that would support a lawsuit against each of the three named defendants. State any defenses any of the three would have. Analyze the success of the defenses. TCO A.It is discovered that Robins & Robins knew about the tainted medication 2 months earlier than they announced the recall. They hid it and, in fact, sent out contract buyers to try to buy up all of the medication off the shelves. Their â€Å"fake† recall failed. Using the Laura Nash method of analyzing ethical dilemmas, analyze the ethical dilemma fa ced by the CEO of Robins & Robins for the fact that they saved 35 cents/package and are now in the middle of a major, life-threatening recall. Analyze their â€Å"fake† recall as well. Show all of the steps of the model and give a recommendation to the CEO of what to do now that the deaths are scalating. What is the â€Å"right† thing for the CEO to do in this case? Did the model help you come to this conclusion, or did you use some other method? Explain. 5. TCO I. A Canadian citizen whose son (resident of Ontario) died from the medication sues Robins & Robins in a California court. The court there is well known for being victim friendly and providing huge payouts to victim families. In Canada, the cap on nonpecuniary damages is around $300,000. Punitive damages in Canada are rarely allowed. Robins & Robins moves to dismiss the case under the theory of sovereign immunity.Will Robins & Robins win this motion using this theory? Why or why not? (short answer question) (Po ints: 15) Question 2 – 2 essays, 30 points each. http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 14 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM TCO E. Anna and Lisa both sue the school and Pastor Forester for discrimination and further, for liability for their injuries (the stabbing damages and the damages to Lisa’s son’s health. You are one of the board of directors and need to analyze the liability of the school. Limit your answer to the SCHOOL'S liability only. Write a brief memo as to whether Pastor Forester committed illegal or discriminatory practices in his brief tenure described in this situation. Then, analyze the potential liability of the school. Discuss agency liability, as well as any employment law aspects. Explain whether you feel that the two injured teachers have cases for recovery against the school. Discu ss whether the school being a religious, private school has any bearing on or protection from liability.Include all defenses available to the school. TCO H and E. In the discovery portion of the case, it is determined that Pastor Forester is really not a Pastor. His real name is Jerry Birches, who is a parolee with convictions for child molestation. His parole agreement prohibits him being closer than 1000 feet to any school. In order to cut costs, the school had stopped doing background checks on new employees, and this slipped through the cracks. The President of the Board of Directors immediately fires Pastor â€Å"Jerry Birches† Forester and notifies his parole officer of the violations.Pastor Forester claims the board knew about his background, because one member of the board (his aunt Theresa) knew the truth. He claims her knowledge should be imputed to the entire board of directors. He then sues the school for firing him for being a convicted felon. He claims that is i llegal, and he publicly attacks the church for their â€Å"less than Christian† behavior in firing him. The board immediately convenes to discuss â€Å"damage control. † They know you took a Law and Ethics course recently and ask you to write a news release to the local newspaper, explaining the situation.Using ethical and legal considerations (including the fact you are in the middle of multiple lawsuits), write the brief news release. Then, explain why you wrote it the way you did. Page 3 – Two essays at 30 points each TCO F. Ellen DeGeneres sues Clean Clothes for the use of a look-alike model for the slacks advertisement. She includes Lanham Act, misappropriation, and â€Å"Right of Publicity† claims in her complaint. Clean Clothes countersues for product disparagement. Joseph A. Bank (JOSB) sues Ellen for impacting their men’s clothing sales with her unsolicited comment.What facts will Ellen use to support her cases and why will those support h er cases? What defenses will Ellen have against Clean Clothes and JOSB's countersuits? Do you think any of the 3 will win their cases? (Why or why not. ) 2. TCO G. It is discovered that two weeks before the Ellen show, she had sold $2 million in JOSB stock (at a gain of about $2,200). The morning after her show, Ellen sold JOSB short (which means she was betting the stock price would go down), and she made another $210,000 in the next week on that trade.The swing in the price was not directly tied to her comments, but was suspected to be a result of a recall JOSB made on their entire line of men's black and brown dress slacks when it was discovered that they had been sewn together with white thread. Ellen's previous trading activity shows that she made it a normal practice to â€Å"vigorously trade† the stock of any company with which she did business. A review of her trading activity for the past year showed that she had bought and sold JOSB stock 25 different times, includi ng short sales like this one.Her overall trading for JOSB stock for the last 12 months was a net loss of $82,000. 00. Do you think the SEC will file anything against Ellen for her sales of JOSB? Is there any cause to do so? Analyze her transactions with respect to insider trading activity (based on what you know) – and whether she should be concerned. Is her prior trading activity a defense? Should Ellen have avoided discussing JOSB publicly on her show since she typically trades their stock? (Points: 30) 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? pdated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 15 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM †¦ : Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 1 Dq 1 National and international ethics – Patent rights download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12951/mgmt-520-week-1-dq-1-nation al-andinternational-ethics-patent-rights/] National and international ethics – Patent rights In the fall of 2001, anthrax was used as a weapon of terror in the United States, when it was ent to numerous media and political organizations and individuals, including Tom Brokaw of NBC News, Dan Rather of CBS News, and US Senators. According to a report from the CDC, 22 people who were infected with the anthrax spores which were mailed out in two separate attacks, and of those, five persons died. (CDC) Fortunately for many of the victims, once it was established and known that anthrax was the cause of the illnesses (and deaths), Bayer was able to provide for sale to the victims and to others who feared becoming victims, a drug they had invented and patented called â€Å"Cipro. Bayer, AG, is a German based company, which has plants in various countries, the U. S. included. Bayer was founded in 1863 and is well known for its trademarked â€Å"aspirin† (1899) but not so promi nently known for its trademark of heroin in 1900, marketing it for decades as a children's cough medicine. During the first and 2nd world wars, Bayer was involved in chemical warfare manufacturing and has spent a considerable amount of time and money overcoming some of the repercussions of their involvment in those wars and the atrocities which occurred during them.Despite this, they remain a well-respected name brand in many households throughout the world. (GMWatch) Bayer had paid reparations after World War II and had its patent for aspirin stripped from it and awarded to a US Company due to its involvement with the World Wars. Bayer wasn't allowed to even use its name until 2000 and so during the anthrax crisis, kept a low profile as a deliberate means to avoid appearing â€Å"exploitive of the problem† of the anthrax scare in the U. S.Once the anthrax scare happened, however, Cipro went into high demand, and people all over North America were stockpiling the drug, making it even more scarce and driving up the cost. Because only people with prescriptions could purchase the drug in the U. S. , Mexican pharmacies capitalized on the market and starting selling it to the US citizens for a huge profit. Canada became frustrated with Bayer's refusal to answer their questions about its ability to meet production needs in the event the anthrax crisis went global. It http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? pdated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦00-08:00&updated-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=23 Page 16 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM suspended Bayer's patent and ordered other drug companies to produce their generic formulas. Bayer immediately threatened such companies with litigation in the event they violated the patent on Cipro. (Jennings) The U. S. Congress began considering suspending the Cipro patent as well. The CDC announced a warning to people stockpiling Cipro that it was a dangerous dr ug with serious side effects which people should not use without medical supervision.Many argued that the US suspension threat was simply used to negotiate down the price of Cipro, and in fact, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson was instrumental in these negotiations. At no time during the situation was Bayer unable to fulfill the orders or needs for Cipro. Bayer had $1 billion in Cipro sales in the year prior to the anthrax attacks (Herper, 2001) At the time of the crisis, Bayer's statement of corporate values was: Our goals are to steadily increase corporate value and generate a high value added for the benefit of our stockholders, our employees and the community in every country in which we operate.We believe that our technical and commercial expertise involves responsibility to work for the common good and contribute to sustainable development. (Jennings, 2008) Now, more than a decade after the crisis, you can review Bayer's newer mission and values statements on their US website (http://www. bayer. com/en/mission—values. aspx). Let's discuss this scenario using the ethical dilemma resolution models and the information about social responsibility in our text, as well as using the International Code of Ethics article you can find here or in doc-sharing, authored by our textbook author, Marianne Jennings.Are there situations in which a company, for the common good, must give up the economic advantage accorded by intellectual property laws? Should Bayer have followed its own credo more than it seemingly did? Was it unethical in threatening litigation to those who attempted to thwart its patent rights? And was the US and Canada unethical in using their governmental actions in ignoring patent law to gain a negotiating edge in getting the price of Cipro lowered during the crisis? Would an International Code of Ethics have assisted in this scenario? 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0Add a comment 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 1 Dq 2 As the pendulu m swings. Ethics and the Law download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12952/mgmt-520-week-1-dq-2-as-thependulum-swings-ethics-and-the-law/] As the pendulum swings. Ethics and the Law. All of us know what happens when a pendulum rests at the bottom of its swing, with nothing acting upon it. It quietly waits for something to start its movement. However, once something has started it swinging, we have all witnessed how long it takes for it to stop – the heavier the pendulum the higher it http://mgmt520. logspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦00-08:00-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00-results=23 Page 17 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM swings. Law, Ethics and Politics work together like a Newton's cradle – a conglomeration of multiple pendulums which collide, sending each one higher in the air, with every â€Å"click† at the bottom of the swing forcefully sending the others shooting off in other directions. We've decided to start this course off with a pendulum swinging.Over the last few years, we have witnessed unprecedented financial devastation throughout the business and banking world. This all has occurred AFTER the pendulum swinging regulations which were put into place and are discussed in Chapter 2 of your textbook – Enron, Worldcom, and other ethically challenged companies caused Congress to pass legislation (Sarbanes-Oxley) which was supposed to protect companies and the public from unethical behavior by their leaders. Marianne Jennings refers to prosecutors as â€Å"ethical officers† in companies listed on the call-out on page 62 – AIG, Bear Stearns, Morgan Stanley, and KPMG.Of these firms, we have witnessed the implosion of some of them and all of their roles in these companies is open to discussion this week. My question to you for the beginning of our dissection of the relationship among the law, politics and ethics: Is law t he catalyst for starting the pendulum swinging? Or is it ethics? Politics? Or all three — and of the three — which one SHOULD be the catalyst? Our textbook author wrote an article in 2010 for The Arizona Republic entitled â€Å"The Moral Hazard of Walking Away from Debt† reprinted in our textbook on pp. 491-492.Reading this may assist you in collecting your thoughts about this thread. When we see that the interaction of all three can impact our wallets, our ability to purchase a home and our children's or grandchildren's ability to live like we do — is it our job as business professionals to avoid unethical behavior which will set off the Newton's cradle? For example – the U. S. home mortgage crisis has impacted the world's global economy. Do we have an ethical responsibility to do something about this? What other industries have had major international impacts caused by the U. S. ctions? And what is it that we should do? 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimm ers 0 Add a comment 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 2 Dq 1 Administrative Regulations Discussion download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12953/mgmt-520-week-2-dq-1administrative-regulations-discussion/] Week 2: Administrative Regulations – Discussion Chapter 5, Problems 7 and 4 (graded) Please study the problem found in e-book Chapter 5, problem 7, and answer the following questions: On appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court, 1. Can the statute survive a constitutional challenge? 2.Is there a â€Å"rational basis† for the statute? http://mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T00:†¦00-08:00-max=2014-01-01T00:00:00-08:00-results=23 Page 18 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 11:20 PM 3. What effect does the evidence to the contrary have on the statute's constitutionality? We will also read and discuss Chapter 5 problem 4 in this thread, the Pike v. Bruce Church case. Note that this case is available online, but heads-up! The U. S. Supreme Court has overturned a significant part of it.We will talk about this and â€Å"judicial review† during the week as well. Much to do! 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 2 DQ 2 Too much regulation – or not enough download [http://homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12954/mgmt-520-week-2-dq-2-too-muchregulation-or-not-enough/] Week 2: Administrative Regulations – Discussion Too much regulation – or not enough? (graded) On pages 209 through 213, your textbook has a series of cases and problems, most of which have been taken from real cases in the United States regulatory world of business.Each case has a unique feature to it, and provides future business leaders with guidance about the landmines which await when the government gets in line to attempt to regulate your business. Every day, profitable businesses meet hurdles of regulation which happen seemingly â€Å"out of the blue. † Yet, under the Administrative Procedures Act (which exists at the federal level as well as in many if not most states, which have their own acts), rules of publication and due process do come into play.Savvy business leaders stay in front of these new and proposed regulations through many avenues, which we will explore and discuss this week, along with a fact scenario. As way of background, let us take you through a few of the cases in the book. First, problem seven, page 211, Chapter 6: In 1994, the company which owned Hooked on Phonics, Gateway Educational Products, Inc. , entered into an agreed settlement with the FTC whereby they agreed not to make claims about how their product assisted young readers without proof from extensive research which supported their advertising claims.This was despite results from a yearlong study of several first-grade classrooms which showed vast improvement in students' reading skills. (Nathans, 1994) The FDA regulates new drugs and medical procedures for the U. S. , as discussed in your textbook problem number eight, page 211, Chapter 6. However, the FDA's control is limited by law. The U. S. Dept of Health and Human Services is the federal dept to which the FDA reports. You can review the FDA's role in Lasik surgery on their very extensive website found at http://www. fda. gov (FDA role page: http://www. da. gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProced

How new words are created in English

Knowing the relationships of sound and meaning of each word, we will be able to understand how new words are created in English. Basically, there are several ways that new words can be created: by inventing a new sound sequence and referring it to a meaning, by altering the meaning of an existing word without altering the pronunciation, or by modify or expanding the sound sequence of an existing word. The first way refers to acronyms, which are words formed from the initial letters of a phrase. For instance, IPA is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, whereas others, such as NASA from National Aeronautics and Space Administration, are pronounced like words instead of a succession of letter names. Some acronyms are written lowercase, causing people to forget their origins and becoming entire new independent words. For instance, ‘radar' derives from radio detecting and ranging. Also, parts of words are clipped to become shorter; for example, examination was shortened as ‘exam', ‘phone' from telephone, and ‘flu' from influenza. Last, there are blends which are words made by combining syllables from different words. Examples are ‘motel' from the first syllable of motor plus the second syllable of hotel, ‘infotainment' from the first two syllables of information plus the last two syllables of entertainment. Second, the meaning of a word may be generalized, for example, ‘Kleenex' is originally a brand name for facial tissue. But now it refers to facial tissue in general. ‘Silhouette', now means dark outline being seen against light, was taken from the name of Etienne de Silhouette. Also, we can change the category of words, such as ‘people', which is a noun mostly meaning the plural of person, can also be a verb meaning populate a place. Finally, there is the metaphorical extension of existing words, like to ‘chew' on an idea meaning to ponder on it. Another way is to compound individual words. Two nouns, say, honey and moon, are joined together to form the compound noun, ‘honeymoon'. The adjective mobile is joined with the noun phone to form the compound noun ‘mobile phone'. The preposition under is joined with wear to form the compound noun ‘underwear'. The verb play is joined with the noun ground to form the compound noun ‘playground'. As for all these compounds, the last word of each compound gives the collective meaning. New words are also formed by borrowing form other languages, and the words have been assimilated into English. For example, there are words from French, like brochure, from Japanese, like sushi, from German, like beer, and so on. Moreover, some words are created by onomatopoeia. Humans mimic the sounds of nature and use these sounds as referents for the sources of sound, such as buzz, whiz.

Working with and Leading People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Working with and Leading People - Essay Example This means that a person has the ability to support the business venture if he or she believes that it will aid in achievement of outlined goals and objectives. In the case study, it is evident that Oliver, the chef/manager of ‘Fifteen’ depicts several leadership characteristics, which are in line with the definition of an effective leader. Key among these leadership qualities demonstrated by Oliver is his zeal and passion. The chef sets out to create a restaurant that taps the unexploited potential of young unqualified individuals. Despite the challenges, his desire to help individuals that are currently in a position that he once was, drives him to success. His passion is also evident when he uses it as criterion to select suitable chef candidates. By sharing this enthusiasm with his apprentices, Oliver motivates them to increase their professionalism and overall productivity. The chef also takes time to praise the candidates whenever they execute a duty efficiently or ask relevant questions. A leader’s tendency to give praise when appropriate acts as an extension of enthusiasm and fosters subordinates’ morale (Kressler, 2003, p.27). The other vital leadership attribute wielded by Oliver is his ability to communicate effectively with all the stakeholders with whom he works. As emphasized by Sinek (2011, p.17) effective leaders must have mastered the skill of communicating with staff, both at high and low levels of an establishment. This is because adept communication skills make it possible for leaders to explain tasks and undertakings in a manner that can be understood by all partisans. In addition, proficient communicators keep others informed about project updates or changes. In Oliver’s case, he takes the time to actually interact and impart knowledge on the trainees, making him effective in communication. As a result, the team is constantly aware of what is expected of them. The chef also possesses the crucial leadership quality of

Interaction Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interaction Analysis Paper - Essay Example essed his concern about the loneliness he felt at home with nobody to care for him, and how he would be unable to take the medicine in case he dosed off. I promised to visit him at home and call him on phone to remind him of his medication at the precise moments he was supposed to take them. As he had a normal pulse and blood pressure, I applied an ice pack on his forehead to relieve him of the headache, to which he responded positively and confirmed that the headache was gone. I promised to get him examined by the concerned physician before he is allowed to go back to his home, so that he gets reassured psychologically and is not overwhelmed by the task. I watched his expression throughout the procedure and noted the relaxation he felt after being examined and talked to in a friendly manner. Hidden Messages/Themes: The relaxation revealed by his countenance due to the approach adopted was a cue to the inference that his condition was related more to anxiety rather than actual pathology. His positive reaction to examination on the couch revealed that he sought attention from somebody to sympathize with his condition. On being promised a consultation with the physician, he felt more relieved than before. In my opinion the patient just needed a psychological boost to cheer him up as he was confronted with the prospect of being alone at his home again. Reflection: In my opinion, at the very outset it was evident that the patient was feeling apprehensive on being discharged from the hospital. Faced with the daunting task of looking after himself at home, his anxiety manifested in his claim that he had a headache and felt numbness in legs. At this critical juncture, he needed a skilful handling by first agreeing to find a medical cause for his complaint, and then providing him with a cure for his symptoms, which he expected of me as a nurse. The therapeutic communication used in this interaction are, the immediate solution offered to him by examining him on the spot,

Marketing in Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing in Airline Industry - Essay Example In order to attract customers and increase their loyalty, marketers today try to associate their products with an element of service attached to it. For example, when a customer buys a car, he enjoys the facility of free service for the first three years from the car manufacturer company ((ICMR)). If a goods and services are represented on a continuum with highly tangible goods on the extreme left and highly intangible services on the extreme right, the bundle of goods and services will fall somewhere along the middle of the continuum. The industry that has been selected for discussion in this paper is the airline industry. The airline industry is regulated by the Ministry of Civil Aviation in the domestic market and by a system of bilateral service agreements in the international market. The bilateral service agreements regulate the prices offered by various airlines, capacity of the aircraft, and the routes to be served by these airlines (Sky News). The future of the airlines industry depends on the flight schedules, take-off time, in-flight and airport service, safety records, fleet capacity and efficiency, route frequency, strategic alliances with other airlines and businesses like hotels, etc. Characteristics of the airline industry Airline industry is highly competitive. Competition is intense on the routes which are more profitable. The growth of the industry is closely linked to economic growth. An airline seat is an intangible and perishable good and hence marketers need to take special care while formulating their marketing strategies. Demand is price elastic i.e. as the price of service goes down the demand goes up, and income elastic i.e. when the income of the general population goes up, more people tend to travel by air. The profitability of an airline increases, when the flight capacity is properly utilized and the aircraft spends less time on the ground. There has been a revolutionary increase in the number of low-cost airline which are otherwise called the budget airlines in the aviation industry over the last few years. The budget airlines are usually operators who provide low-cost travel options for the passengers. The budget airlines try and cut the indirect costs to the maximum possible extent. Passengers are not offered wet towels, meals etc. Sometimes it may even happen that they do not even offer water to the passengers flying the budget airlines (Phillip). Marketing of Airlines Like any other industry, promotional activities play an important role in the airline industry as well. Airlines today offer attractive schemes to woo customers. These include frequent flyer schemes, special benefits, discounts, festive season offs, gifts like electronic equipment or kitchen appliances, access to club lounges, and special discounts with the alliance's business. Quality of service can be a useful tool for airlines to gain a competitive advantage. This is because passengers expect airline crew to be efficient, friendly and helpful. Thus, proactive customer orientation is the need of the hour. Marketing Strategies Airlines must identify and eliminate non-value adding cost and use the money saved to provide better quality services. The company should find a niche market and cater to it. Identifying and flying to

Project Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management - Coursework Example Having a team willing to follow is what marks a good leader’s success, and that only comes when a leader is capable of being followed. Having focus, direction and dedication will likely be more effective in uniting a team than being given authority, whether formal or informal. For example, I was once a part of a team which had no formally appointed leader but rather had an informal self-appointed leader in one of my fellow members. As our project proceeded, differences arose between the team and that leader based on conflict of goals. Despite not being a leader, formally or informally, I stepped up by taking into account the views of my team and then uniting us all on a commonly agreed goal. As we proceeded to work towards that goal, I found my team turning towards my lead as I expressed not only my capability of achieving that goal but also my desire to unite us and work cohesively. The creator of Dilbert, Scott Adams states ten Great Lies of Management. These statements have not been made by many project leaders as these statements are not appropriate to be stated in the initial phases of the project. These comments may act as an obstacle for maximum productivity to be derived from the employees. If these comments are given by the project leader, then the employees may overlook the importance of understanding the way the project has to be done and instead divert their focus towards the rewards that are to be given. In open door policies, employees may come up with unnecessary issues that may not be having any productive result. Successful leaders do not plan failures; they plan the path to success. By stating the management lies given above, the employees would be kept in darkness about the true scenario of the organization and its current financial standings.  

Intention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intention - Essay Example Intention is the thought process of the person who commits the crime in a determined and directed manner. It is the idea with which the person goes about committing the crime. Intention has been defined many times by the Court, and in all these cases the Court has looked up the meaning in an evolving manner. House of Lords in R v Moloney [1985] AC 905 defined intention as the following: â€Å"It is the foresight of a particular consequence and the desire to act or fail in order to give rise to those consequences†2 Understanding from the abovementioned definition, we infer that intention is not just the act of having a guilty mind, but goes much beyond it. It is the act of having a guilty mind along with the act of performing such necessary tasks, which are crucial to actuating the guilt, which is present in the mind. It has been considerably difficult to extract in the criminal case whether intention existed or not, however, it is pertinent to note that intention consisted of the entire act of committing the crime. It gives rise to the thought process and carries onwards until the criminal commits the criminal act. Intention is one of the â€Å"states of mind† which constitute the prerequisite mental state for  mens rea. It is the source of the guilty mind. ... Actus reus is the form of act which gives practice to the thought of mens rea. During a criminal trial the prosecution has to prove that both contingencies existed. It is not enough to prove that there was the existence of actus reus or mens rea in isolation. Both the contingencies have to follow one another. Foresight is an important ingredient of the concept of intention in criminal law. In the case of R v Belfon (1976) 3 All ER 46, the courts said that foresight should not be equated or confused with recklessness. While foresight consists of a planned thought process, which has an end and a beginning, recklessness is a random act coming out of nowhere, which ends up in an act deemed to be criminal in nature. Foresight and the act and will to follow that thought process are the final straw in the coffin for the accused. If the prosecution can prove that the act was committed with a proper bite of foresight and was not a random act in isolation then the prosecution stands to win the case. It is the prerogative of the prosecution to ascertain that intention was there throughout the commition of the act. The thought of mens rea has to be consistently proved, and even if in one of the situation it is proved by the defense counsel that the thought process of mens rea is missing then the courts cannot ascertain that the act deemed to be criminal was committed by the accused, and he stands to be evicted. It is this doubt, which has to be removed by the prosecution, and therefore it is imperative to say that foresight was consistently present while the act was being committed4. The case of R. Molony (1985) shall be analyzed to further understand the definition of intention. The case involved an argument between the son and his stepfather over who can shoot

Financial Reporting and Accountability exam questions Essay

Financial Reporting and Accountability exam questions - Essay Example 6 Consolidations: Qualitative 7 Why do regulators require consolidations? 7 What is fair value and why is it an important concept in consolidation? 7 Why do regulators require inter-company profits to be removed from consolidations? 7 Corporate Governance 8 What is ‘the public interest’ and what is its relationship to accounting? 8 Do we need mandatory regulation of reporting? If so how should we regulate? Are there major problems? 8 IASB and due process – what are the stages of due process – why is convergence with the US important? 9 What is the ‘market for corporate takeovers’ and the ‘market for managers’ – and what impact have these on accounting disclosure? 10 Reporting Financial Statements Why is one of the elements of the financial statements useful to shareholders? Statement of the changes in position of equity for a company provides the movement of the holding position of the equity shareholders. This statement gen erally comprises of the net profits that can be attributed to the shareholders, the changes in the share capital reserves, the dividend that is paid to the shareholder, the effect of the accounting policy changes or the any kind of changes that has been done to correct any error in the previous period. This is an essential statement that needs to be disclosed to the shareholders because the factors that have an effect on the changes in the position can be known. This statement would be reflecting the nature of the changes that take place in the equity reserves which otherwise would not be available to the shareholders. For example the issue and redemption of the share capital can only be obtained from the statement of financial position. What is the purpose of one kind of disclosure e.g. discontinued activities, or expenses such as audit? Discontinued operations of an enterprise would entail those activities by which the company would be selling a component through any transaction o r demerger or would be disposing off the assets or liabilities of the organisation or abandoning any component of the business. It is important for a company to make the disclosures of the discontinued operations because it would help in assessing the cash flows of the enterprise, the capacity to generate earnings and to make proper segregation of the information about the discontinuing operations form that of the continuing operations. Organisations should cite the evidence of auditing process in the annual statements. Thus the fees that are paid for the auditing as well as the non auditing services need to be paid. On the other hand it is considered that the independence of the auditors is essential for a sound and fair auditing process. Hence by the payment of the fees the quality of auditing in the organisation is ensured. Earnings per Share Basic and diluted EPS Basic EPS is the earnings of the company that accrues to the shareholders of the organisation. Basic EPS is derived b y dividing the net profit of the company by the total amount of outstanding shares. The amount net profit is calculated after distribution of the dividends to the preference shareholders. This may be explained with the example of the following example. Suppose the Net Profit available for a company is $ 40000. And the number of equity shares outstanding is 2000. Then the EPS of the company would be $50. Diluted EPS on the other hand is the net profit of the company divided by the number of equ

Economics of FOREX. See question below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics of FOREX. See question below - Essay Example It is the European Parliament that is expected to react on certain economic events that arises over time despite the fact that they do not have the authority to implement policies to counter act the effects. Also, the authorities empowered to act on the ECB for monetary policy and the European Commission for the fiscal policy does not have the right to implement some needed policy to make the overall economy better.3 It means that power and responsibility over the economic activities does not come from a political process. The European policy makers who are eager to come up with solutions to economic shocks do not have the power to react and those who have the authority to do so do not have a democratic right to intervene in any economic situation. Each member of the Eurozone has a mutual assurance regarding the stability of the currency. The purpose of having a ‘single currency’ is to enhance a free trade between the members of the Eurozone by promoting the coordination of credit and exchange rate policies.4 In the case of Eurozone, only the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) has the sole authority to create and implement a monetary policy for all the members of Eurozone.5 ESCB is composed of the European Central Bank (ECB), and the Eurozone Central Banks that operates in Euro countries. Since a single currency imposed on the Eurozone countries, they can use only one monetary policy for all. Hence, only one interest rate among all Eurozone countries is allowed. In case of an economic problem, the national government is therefore deprived of using the monetary policy (monetarism) to solve any economic issues. This leaves them the option to control over the fiscal policy instead. Aside from the political issue attached with having a single currency, this strategy can be beneficial for the participating countries in terms of inter-trading opportunities, currency stability and having a transparency in the costs of goods and

Sources, Biological Effects and its Control Essay Example for Free

Sources, Biological Effects and its Control Essay Noise pollution is a major problem confronting the environment and it people. The problem has existed since years, however, in the recent decades urbanization combined with development of transport and industry has begun to severely plague the society. In most developed countries noise pollution is omnipresent, though much emphasis in not given towards its effect and control. Across the globe, urban population is greatly affected due to noise pollution, with the rates especially higher for the metropolitan cities. Some of the predominant sources of noise pollution are road traffic, jet planes, garbage trucks, construction equipment, manufacturing processes, and lawn mowers (Birgitta and Lindvall, 1995). The roar of the aircraft, thunder of heavily laden trucks and thumps and whines of industry broadcast these noisy and unwanted sounds into the air (WHO, 2001). Such unwanted noise is not only annoying or disturbing but also pose health hazard and are hampering economic development. Noise pollution is problem faced by developed and developing countries alike. According to Kapoor and Singh (1995), the effects of noise are so annoying and worrisome that in certain countries it considered next to crime. In China, till third century B. C. , noise has been used for torturing and punishing criminals with dangerous crime record. Bond, (1996) estimates that 16% of people in Europe are exposed to 40 dB or more of traffic noise in their bedrooms accounting for disrupted sleep. Initiative steps have been taken by various countries to keep the noise level under control. In the United States an initiative has been taken to create sites where human-caused noise pollution will not be tolerated (Geary, 1996). The laws of Netherlands do not permit construction of houses in areas where 24-hour average noise levels exceed 50dB. According to the Noise Act in Great Britain, the local authorities are empowered to confiscate any equipment that can cause excess noise. In addition, people who create excess noise at night are also fined heavily. Very recently, many countries are looking towards ‘porous asphalt’ technology as a good strategy to curtail traffic noise by up to 5dB (Singh and Davar, 2004). Impact on Health The response of the human ear to sound depends both on the sound frequency (measured in Hertz, Hz) and the sound pressure, measured in decibels (dB). A normal ear in a hale and healthy young person can sense sounds with frequencies from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz and speech frequency ranges from 100 to 6000 Hz (WHO, 2001). Noise pollution is a deliberate and restrained killer which has become a hazard to quality of life. Even moderately low levels of noise negatively affect human health, causing hypertension, disrupt sleep and hinder cognitive development in children. According to Bond (1999) excessive noise could result in permanent impairment of memory or a psychiatric disorder. Haphazard use of vehicle horn and widespread use of loud speakers in Indian social and religious ceremonies cause various health hazards in urban populations. Associated problems are deafness, nervous breakdown, mental disorder, heart troubles and high blood pressure, head-aches, dizziness, inefficiency and insomnia (Bhargawa, 2001). Singh (1984) observed that the workers exposed to elevated noise levels have a greater frequency of circulatory problems, cardiac diseases, hypertension, peptic ulcers, and neurosensory and motor impairment. WHO (2001) estimates that about 120 million people worldwide are estimated to have disabling hearing difficulties. The reports also that estimates more than half citizens of Europe reside in noisy environment and in the USA the number of people exposed to occupations noise level above 85 dB increased from 9 million in 1981 to 30 million in 1990. In Germany and other developed countries as many as 4 to 5 million working people are exposed to noise levels of 85 dB or more (WHO, 2001). This has resulted in noise-related hearing impairment. Risks of permanent medical conditions, such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease are also higher in communities exposed to noise pollution for an extended period. In adults and in children it adversely affects reading, memory, attentiveness and problem solving performances. Noise above 80 dB may increase aggressive behavior provoke annoyance responses and changes in social behavior (WHO, 2001). Sources of Noise Pollution Community noise High volumes of sound coming from open-air concerts, discotheques, motor sports events etc are non-industrial sources and are categorized as community noise. This is also termed as environmental, residential or domestic noise. The major indoor sources are ventilation systems, office machines, home appliances and neighbors. Other typical sources of neighborhood noise are restaurants, cafeterias, live or recorded music, sports, playgrounds, car parks, barking dogs. In the recent decades there has been a continued growth in transport systems such as highways, airports and railways. This has further accelerated the generation of more noise. Road traffic is another key source of noise in metros. Nagi et al. (1993) observed that household equipment and appliances produce noise level that sometimes reaches up to 97 dB which is more than double the acceptable (45dB) noise level. Several countries have policies on community noise arising from rail, road, construction sites and industrial plants. These policies are based on emission standards. However, very few regulations are available on neighborhood community noise. This is perhaps due to difficulties with its classification, measurement and control strategies. Ultimately lack of sufficient knowledge of noise pollution effects on people prevents further action to prevent and control this environmental problem. Occupational noise Noise is a common occupational hazard in several workplaces. The major sources of noise that damages hearing are impact processes, material handling and industrial jets. Air jets widely used, for example, for cleaning, drying, power tools and steam valves can generate sound levels of 105 dB. Sources of noises in industrial machinery and processes are multi-various. These include: rotors, gears, turbulent fluid flow, impact processes, electrical machines, internal combustion engines, pneumatic equipment, drilling, crushing, blasting, pumps and compressors (WHO, 2001). In addition, the emitted sounds are reflected from floors, ceiling and equipment. Exposure rate is also another parameter to be greatly considered. WHO (2001) estimates that in a cigarette factory in Brazil workers involved in compressed air cleaning were exposed to sound levels equivalent to 92 dB for 8 hours. The sound levels of saws can be as high as 106 dB in the woodworking industry. In industries such as foundries, shipyards, breweries, weaving factories, paper and saw mills average sound level ranges between 92 and 96 dB. The recorded peak values were between 117 and 136 dB (WHO, 2001). Occupational exposure limits spells out the utmost tolerable sound pressure levels and exposure duration times to which workers may be repetitively exposed without undesirable effect or impairment on hearing and their ability to comprehend normal speech. WHO (2001) estimates that an occupational exposure limit of 85 dB for 8 hours should defend the majority of people against a permanent hearing mutilation induced by noise after 40 years of occupational exposure. Control Noise-induced hearing impairment is certainly avoidable. This is possible by protection against perilous noise exposure by means proper hazard prevention and control programs in residential communities and occupation places as well. Noise pollution can be effectively management by several strategies. Firstly, the design and technology of industrial machinery and equipments could be changed to minimize the noise levels. Noise emission levels should be declared on the machineries. This would permit prospective buyers to select the least hazardous equipment and also to calculate the noise impact at workplaces and to further help with noise-control planning (WHO, 2001). When the cost is worked, making noise-generating processed quieter is 10 times less expensive than to make a barrier to screen the noise. The dangers of noise should be recognized upfront, even before workers start complaining of hearing impairments. Secondly, noise levels can be lessened by the use of noise-control enclosures such as absorbers, silencers and baffles and by the use of personal protective equipment, such as earmuffs. Use of noise barriers may help control noise. The third strategy is to defend receptors of sound by protective shields. This can be done by proper insulation of buildings, body and window planes made sound proof. Nevertheless, where technical processes are inadequate, noise exposure may be lowered by putting-off the time spent in noisy environment or alternatively by scheduling noisy operations outside normal shifts or at remote and distant locations. Apart from these strategies, it is quite necessary for the worker to have a clear understanding and knowledge on the machineries and the way to handle them. Noise pollution being a social problem, educating the public proves to be a good alternative. Singh and Davar (2004) suggest that sheer ignorance about the deleterious effects of noise pollution emerges to be a prime factor hindering to reduce and control its levels. Hence an essential element of noise control programs should include education and training of the workers and local public.

The Trojan War Vs World War II

The Trojan War Vs World War II Although incalculable, due to conflicting sources of information, a rough estimate of casualties of World War II left the number of the deceased at fifty-six million (Burns and Ward). Subsequently, the result of the Trojan War left four and a half million Greeks dead and more than seven million Trojans (The Golden Age of Myth and Legend). Men from both sides of the historical spectrum fought and died without knowing that both wars are related to each other indirectly due to the imperialistic thirst for power. While the causes of war reflect one another, the methods, styles, and weaponry of warfare differ tremendously due to the advances in technology by the time of World War II. These advances pertain not to the sociological aspect, however, suggest that time is the most indifferent variable when it comes to the pro-active and reactive actions of societies at large. The primary cause of the Trojan War can be linked to a number of different reasons. One argument states the cause of the war as Helens betrayal of Sparta; the Spartan queen that fell in love with the prince of Troy (Homer). Another side persist the reason for the beginning of the war as Agamemnons desire for power, which stretched as far as wanting to control the Trojan Empire. The wars battlefield took place in almost all accounts right outside the walls of Troy. Troy was located across the sea from the Greek city-state of Sparta on the coast of Asia. This was a sandy, dry terrain, which made fighting conditions worse. The last battle in the Trojan War took place at night inside the city of Troy, where the notorious horse operation took place. The gods also played a huge role in assuming the role of moral compass for society at large. Both sides believed the gods would not let them lose the great battle of Troy. The story explains that the leader of the gods, Zeus, let the gods and goddesses take the side of their own choice. Religious influence was also made eminent through the twelve day burial processes of both the Trojans and the Greeks (Homer). While World War II did not feature any type of Helen, it did feature the want for more power and land. Hitler of Germany, whose ruthlessness is comparable to Agamemnon, held an urge for more which triggered events that preluded World War II. The idea of selfishness and greed is a major theme seen just as it was during the Trojan War. Symptoms such as nationalism, imperialism, racism, militarism, and fascism all contributed to the war. In both wars, the death of millions of people is contributed to one mans want for more. At first glance, it seems apparent that some of the causes of World War II are remarkably similar to those of the Trojan War. The Trojan War included weapons such as swords, spears, bow and arrow, and javelins. The warriors equipped with these weapons learned and mastered each one. As with every battle, the situation decided the weapon being used. In close quarter combat, the sword was the weapon of use. It required its handler to be very quick and agile. The javelin, spear, and bow and arrow were used for distance. These weapons required precision and a steady hand. One of the heavy more advanced weapons during the Trojan War was the catapult. The catapult was used to take out large numbers of soldiers and destroy the enemy fortress. Dead bodies were also thrown into the enemys fortress to spread disease and bring down morale. The weapons used during World War II include the submachine gun, action rifle, grenades, pistols, snipers, and many other gun types. The soldiers in this war were not near as versatile as the Trojan soldiers. Soldiers were usually assigned and taught every aspect to a specific weapon . On the front lines of combat, submachine guns were the issued weapons. The submachine gun was not very accurate from a distance but was effective in killing large numbers quickly. The action rifle was a weapon that took much more accuracy than the machine gun. It was effective in midrange warfare but at great distances lost accuracy. In contrast to the Trojan bow and arrow was the sniper rifle. Only those with the most precise shot and steady hand could obtain the job as sniper. It could hit its target from hundreds of yards away without even entering the field of battle. One weapon that was very significant in WWII was the grenade. The grenade was used for both killing and for a soldiers safety. The grenade was a time released bomb which gave soldiers time to retreat safely before detonation, but had the power to kill a small group of soldiers. The two heavy duty weapons of war were the tank and atomic bomb; both were much more deadly than the Trojan catapult. The tank was mainly used to destroy the enemys stronghold, while the atomic bombs only purpose was to kill in mass quantities (World War Two Weapons). Weapons used during WWII are obviously far more technologically advanced than those used during the Trojan War, but the symbolism is the fact that both sets of weapons were the most advanced of its time. Both WWII and the Trojan War advanced the cause to kill the common enemy. Two very useful tactics of both the Trojan War and WWII was the element of surprise and deceit. This is clearly seen in the story of the Trojan horse. The walls of Troy were thought to be impenetrable. After ten years of off and on battle with the Trojans, the Greeks still could not get past the walls of the great city. Then one day a warrior of the Greeks known as Odysseus, hatched a plan to infiltrate the city of Troy and bring the war to an end by conquest. The intelligent Greek came up with the idea to construct a giant wooden horse. The horse was meant to be used as a trick. The idea was to convince the Trojans into believing that the mighty horse was an offering for the goddess Athena. The Greeks pleaded that the horse was meant to please Athena for the stealing of her image from Troy. On the Trojan shore the horse was left for the Trojans to later discover. Inside the great horse were the Greeks most skilled and feared warriors. When the Trojans emerged from behind the city wa lls to investigate the horse they met a Greek named Sinon. His job was to convince the Trojans that he had escaped from the Greeks and to take the offering as gift to Athena inside the city walls. After much debate from the royalty of Troy, they decide to accept the offering. After arriving inside the great walls of Troy the Greeks waited for nightfall. Once it became dark the Greeks broke from the belly of the horse and conquered the city of Troy (The Trojan Horse). It is these acts of surprise and deception that won the battle for the brilliant Greeks. The trait of deception can also be seen in many ways during the battle of WWII. In the battle known as D-Day or the Battle of Normandy, the use of trickery was seen at its peak. On the day the beaches of Normandy were invaded among the thousands of allied troops was a small unit known as the Ghost Army. This unit was a top secret group of about one thousand special soldiers whose only purpose was to deceive the enemy. They were among the frontlines of soldiers and easily seen from aerial view. When enemy planes flew over they saw what seemed to be hundreds of allied tanks and vehicles. They also thought they had intercepted confirmation that there were two American divisions in the area. What were actually on the ground were ninety three pound inflatable rubber decoys. The decoys looked like just like armored vehicles from the aerial view. The radio message was designed to be intercepted; thus convincing the enemy of what they had seen earlier. The ghost army would even send trucks t hrough town with the divisions numbers and insignia on it. These genius plans made what were actually one thousand men appear to be twenty to thirty thousand. The plans design was not to kill the enemy but to save lives. This deception did not directly win the war this played a major impact in the style of battle and the outcome of the Normandy invasion (Artists of Deception: Fooling the Enemy During WWII). While the women and children remained at home, men of a certain age and older were sent off to war to kill or be killed under an attempt at gaining lof,or the twentieth century version, honor. Women assisted in both wars. They managed the home front with the men gone, and participated in roles to assist the men, be it espionage or caretaking (Bell). After all, it was almost necessary for them to do so. Certainly in the Trojan War and in some countries involved in WWII, extra action had to be taken by the civilians to keep order (Hull). The two wars are far separated by time, yet certain behaviors and agents of the wars resemble each other (A Prose Anthrology of the Second World War). The effects of both wars are monumentally costly to the human race. Years during and after, people suffered with disease, starvation, disability, and trauma from the war that tore mostly everyones lives apart. Both wars sported weapons that were the most advanced of its time. In reference to the tribal warrior, the deadliest weapons were the best weapons. The roles of the men to fight, and the women to take care of the home front in both scenarios exemplify that human nature flaunts similar behaviors throughout time. History shows as technology advances so will the weapons for warfare. As the saying goes, History repeats itself and from the evidence of previous wars to recent wars the saying remains true. Nevertheless, the result of warfare will always be detrimental to the soldiers, soldiers family, and country. While the causes of the war reflect one another, the methods, styles, and weaponry differ tremendously because of advances in technology by the time of World War II. These a dvances pertain not to the sociological aspect, however, suggest that time is the most indifferent variable when it comes to the pro-active and reactive actions of societies at large.